Though there are several quotes by early church fathers endorsing a flat/geocentric earth, I am only going to present quotes that come from those who use Scripture to back up their opinion (as these are the quotes commonly cited by critics). This is by no means a complete list:
"But as to the fable that there are Antipodes, that is to say, men on the opposite side of the earth, where the sun rises when it sets to us, men who walk with their feet opposite ours, that is on no ground credible. And, indeed, it is not affirmed that this has been learned by historical knowledge, but by scientific conjecture, on the ground that the earth is suspended within the concavity of the sky... But they do not remark that, although it be supposed or scientifically demonstrated that the world is of a round and spherical form... For Scripture...gives no false information." St. Augustine, The City of God Book 16 Chapter 9
In the first place, then, when arguing with them about the spherical figure, we showed that this figure was not possible, and was indeed quite inconsistent with the nature of things...as we said before, that the heaven is fixed and does not revolve...Why do you then, when beleaguered with difficulties, utter absurdities contrary to nature, in opposition to scripture? Cosmas, Christian Topography Book I
"But to want to affirm that the sun really is fixed in the center of the heavens and only revolves around itself without traveling from east to west, and that the earth is situated in the third sphere and revolves with great speed around the sun, is a very dangerous thing, not only by irritating all the philosophers and scholastic theologians, but also by injuring our holy faith and rendering the Holy Scriptures false." Bellarmine, Letter on Galileo's Theories
Random Remark: Is it that hard to look at the sky and see that the sun, moon, and stars are round and to think maybe... just maybe... the earth is round too? :-)
Instead of dissecting these quotes one at a time as misquotes or out of context interpretations, the short answer would be that these quotes all originated from fallible humans. These individuals held onto the current consensus of scientific teachings that the earth was flat. The point is, these quotes come from man- not the Bible.
Because we explore this matter in depth on this page, I won't spend too much time on it here. The heart of our answer can be found in the fact that the erroneous beliefs of the above individuals were caused by incorrect interpretation of Scripture. Just as some Jews of antiquity were confused by the dualism of Messianic prophecy, just as some Christians today interpret the Bible as foretelling a rapture while others do not, just as there are those who believe in a preterist view of prophecy fulfillment and those who don't, the same can be said of those who believed in a flat/geocentric earth verses those who believed in a spherical earth.
CONCLUSION: It would be unwise to "chunk Jesus into the garbage can" due to the error of humans, for nothing in the Bible contradicts what we know about science.